Decision to Start Statin Based on Calcium Score

by Jeffrey Dach MD

Have you ever wondered why statin drugs seem to be effective for secondary prevention, (people with known heart disease), and not effective for primary prevention (people  without heart disease)?  A new study by Joshua Mitchell explains why.  Current practice dictates that Cardiologists prescribe statin drugs based on a cholesterol over 200.  This has been changed by the Joshua Mitchell study from the Walter Reed Registry which supports a new decision tree. Instead of using the serum cholesterol level, the decision to give a statin drug should be based on the Calcium Score obtained from CAT scan cardiac imaging.

Calcium Score Has Replaced the Cholesterol Panel

The chart below shows that for a Calcium score of 0 to 100, there is no benefit for taking a statin drug.  For a score above 100, however, the chart shows considerable reduction in MACE (major adverse cardiac event) for the statin users.  Notice cholesterol level is not mentioned in this study.

Pleotropic Effects of Statin Drugs

The Joshua Mitchell study does something else.  By ignoring serum cholesterol level in the decision to prescribe a statin drug, the study supports the idea that statin drug benefits are entirely due to Pleotropic effects (anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial), not due to cholesterol lowering.  This is further supported by the fact that other non-statin drugs fail to have any impact on cardiovascular events.  The latest was the CETP Inhibitor, Evacetrapib which lowers LDL-Cholesterol, yet failed to prevent cardovascular events compared to placebo in clinical trials, and was abandoned.(11)(Lincoff,2017)  This is also true for all other non-statin cholesterol lowering drugs.  They are all failures. This strongly supports the idea that all of the benefits of statin drugs are due to pleotropic effects, none from cholesterol lowering, which, in actuality, represents a liablity which impairs health.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Statins

As we all know, statin drugs were initially developed as cholesterol lowering agents. However, only later it was observed they had other anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. For example, studies done on sepsis and pneumonia patients showed that those on statins enjoyed improved survival. (7) (Hennessy,2016)  Two separate studies show patients on statins undergoing cardiac bypass surgery had reduction in peri-operative mortality by 50-70%. (5,6) (Curtis 2017) (Barakat 2016)

In-vitro studies of statin drugs show the exact mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects.  Statin drugs suppresses LPS signaling in monocytes .(8)(Patel,2004)  Statin drugs blocks LPS -Release of IL-6 and TNF-Alpha and  decreases Nuclear Factor-KappaB.(9) (Devaraj,2006)  Statin drugs prevents TNF-Alpha-Induced NF-KappaB activation and gene transcription in cultured endothelial cells.(10)(Hölschermann, 2006)

Antimicrobial Effects of Statin Drugs

Dr Emma Hennessy summarizes the research, (in vitro, cell culture and in vivo),  suggesting statins could be repurposed as an anti-microbial drugs.(7) There is even efficacy against biofilm. (7)

The Power of Zero

The Joshua Mitchell study, Coronary artery calcium myocardial infarction from JACC Card Imaging 2018, is a retrospective study.  Nine years of records were analyzed for 13,644 patients from the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (mean age 50 years; 71% men).

Dr Joshua Mitchell concluded:  “the presence and severity of CAC (Coronary Artery Calcium) identified patients most likely to benefit from statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.”

Above chart, upper panels, shows no benefit for statin drug for Calcium Score of Zero to 100 (Green Arrows) Both Statin user and non-user lines are super-imposed.  Bottom two panels: For Calcium Score over 100, statin user line is nicely separated from non-statin user (Red Arrows) indicating reduction in Major Adverse cardiac Events (MACE)  Statin user dotted red line.

Dr. Joshua Mitchell’s study explains why statin drugs are more effective in secondary prevention than in primary prevention of heart disease.  Secondary prevention studies are in patients with known underlying heart disease and are more likely to have calcium score over 100, where statin drugs show a benefit in reducing MACE (major adverse events).  Primary prevention studies are in the healthy patient population with no underlying heart disease.  These patients are more likely to have a zero or low calcium score.  In Zero Score patients, statin drugs provide no benefit.

Above chart : Table 3 courtesy of Joshua Mitchell (2)  Notice NNT (Number Needed to Treat) for calcium score greater than 100 drops to 12 (red arrow and red circle).  Note:This is over ten years of treatment, however.

Above chart: Table 1 from abstract shows for Calcium score over 400, NNT drops to 4.5 for 10 years on statin drug. (red arrow and red circle) Courtesy of Joshua Mitchell (4)

Adverse Effects of Statin Drugs

Granted, using calcium score to determine who to treat with a statin drug allows refinement of the NNT (Number Needed to Treat) down to 4.5 over 10 years for those with calcium score over 400.  However what are the adverse side effects? This is an important question.  How many of these long term statin users end up in wheel chairs unable to walk because of statin induced myopathy.  How many suffer from debilitating neuropathy, cognitive dysfunction and dementia?  Are we trading away quality of life to buy a reduction in cardiac events?  Many practitioners would argue adverse side effects are so severe, it would be preferable to avoid statins and reduce calcium score with alternative methods.

Statins Accelerate Progression of Calcium Score

Another disturbing finding is that statin drugs actually accelerate progression of calcium score according to Dr. Dykun in the 2016 Heinz Nixdorf Recall study. (15)  Based on the 2004 Paolo Raggi data, annual progression of calcium score higher than 15% is a bad omen, predictive for heart attack within a few years in about 8-9% of the 500 patients on statin drugs Dr Raggi followed for 6 years..  However, for the other 450 (91%) patients on statin drugs, the calcium score progression was less than 15%, and these patients enjoyed a benign prognosis.  Remarkably in the non-progressor group, the higher baseline calcium score people, above 1000, enjoyed the same benign prognosis as the lower score people   (0-100).  (See chart below)

Above image courtesy of Paolo Raggi 2004.(16,17) All patients on statin drugs. Left Chart are Non-Progressors, less than 15% annual increase in calcium score showing good prognosis, all lines converge at top of chart.   Right Chart: These are the Progressors with Greater than 15% annual progression of calcium score.  Chart shows graded separation according to baseline calcium scores with more rapid decline to MI for higher scores.(17)

The Statin Drug Doesn’t Help the Progressors

Notice the statin drug accelerates vascular calcification in 8-9% of patients on them. See Right Chart, Progressors,  Accelerated vascular calcification while on  a statin drug  is associated with early myocardial infarction, indicates statin drug failure, and changing to a different treatment modality is advised.

For Non-Progressors (left chart) their calcification is stable with  less than 15% annual increase.  They enjoy a benign prognosis.

How to Explain Statin Drug Failures?

What feature or bio-marker defines which group of patients we will fail into, Progressor or Non-Progressor in the 2004 Peolo Raggi study?     How do we explain the statin drug failures, the Progressors who had MI’s in spite of the statin drug?

Obviously, cholesterol level is a useless biomarker, since it was the same for both groups. Unfortunately, the authors of the study did not comment or propose an explanation.  I would propose this explanation:the defining factor is the severity of endotoxemia.

Severity of Endotoxemia, Not Cholesterol Level

I would propose the following: In the non-progressors, these people have lower levels of endotoxemia which can be successfully opposed by the pleotropic effects of the statin drug.  For the Progressors, they have more severe, unrelenting endotoxemia which overwhelms the weak effects of the statin drug and leads rapidly to MI (myocardial infarction) within 6 years.  We await further research to confirm this hypothesis.

Reducing Calcium Score with Aged Garlic and Essential Phospholipid

My previous article on Aged Garlic shows superiority over statin drugs for reduction in calcium score without adverse effects of statin drugs. One might argue that aged garlic together with other combined modalities such as vitamin C, Tocotrienols, Vitamin K2, Vitamin D3, Magnesium, Essential Phospholipid, Fibrinolytic Enzymes, Berberine, addressing leaky gut, eliminate wheat and other foods that cause leaky gut…etc, might prove even more effective for reducing calcium score than statin drugs, without the adverse side effects.

Perio-Odontal Disease Causes Coronary Artery Disease

Periodontal disease and other occult other infections are frequent culprits seeding endotoxemia and causing atherosclerosis.(12-14)  See my previous article on the LPS Theory of Heart Disease. A visit to your local biologic dentist for a good set of dental xrays can help find the problem.

Essential Phospholipid For Reduction in Calcium Score:

My previous article discussed case material courtesy of James Roberts MD on benefits of essential phospholipid for reversing heart disease.  Here is a case report courtesy of Dr. James Roberts of Toledo Ohio (below chart):

Before treatment Total  Calcium Score = 1380 (blue arrow).  After 30 IV treatments with essential phospholipid, calcium score reduced to 562 (red arrow), 60% reduction !

Why No-One Should Take a Statin Drug:

1. Statin drugs are cellular and mitochondrial poisons which have horrendous adverse side effects as described in this newsletter:  The Failure of Cholesterol Lowering Drugs
2. Statin drugs have NO HEATH BENEFIT  for patients with a Calcium Score under 100.
3. For patients with higher calcium scores, over 100, the minimal benefit seen with statin drugs can be replicated and even improved upon with our calcium score protocol as listed below with Vitamin C, Vitamin K, Tocotrienol Vit E, Aged Garlic, Proteolytic enzymes, Plant Based Diet, etc. This avoids the toxicity of a statin drug.
4. For those patients on the calcium score protocol, treatment can be monitored with a yearly (or every two years) follow up calcium score. The goal of treatment is under 15% annual increase in calcium score which carries a good prognosis. If calcium score annual progression is greater than 15% anually, the treatment program is failing and requires modification.

Here our Calcium score Protocol:

Vitamin C (Linus Pauling)
Vitamin K2 – MK7
Magnesium
Vitamin D3
Tocotrienol Vit E
Aged Garlic – Allicin
Essential Phospholipid
Botanicals for NFKB (Curcumin)
Address Leaky Gut
Eliminate Wheat
Optimize Hormones
Control Blood Sugar
Fibrinolytic Enzymes
Ozone
EDTA
MTHFR ?
Homocysteine?
Lipoprotein(a) ?

Conclusion: One of the remarkable paradigm shifts in cardiology is the shift away from the cholesterol panel. The calcium score has emerged as a better decision making tool to decide which patients should be treated with statins, and which patients should not.  The old method of prescribing a statin drug based on elevated cholesterol level is no longer valid, and has been replaced by Calcium Score.

Another message supported by the Joshua Mitchell study is the statin drug benefit for the higher calcium score patient is entirely due to pleotropic effects (anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects), not due to cholesterol lowering.

No doubt this new methodology will improve the NNT (Number Needed to treat) for the statin drug.  However, one must consider the adverse effects of long term statin use, and ask if the trade off is worth the reduction in quality of life? In my opinion, the minimal benefit of a statin drug in patients with high calcium scores is outweighed by the horrendous adverse effects arising from cellular and mitochondrial toxicity. Statin drugs are poisons, and contrary to good health. Nobody should be taking these drugs..

Statin Use Independently Associated with Increased Calcification

Update 2020:  Healy, Abigail, et al. “Statins Disrupt Macrophage Rac1 Regulation Leading to Increased Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification.” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 40.3 (2020): 714-732.
In summary, we find that statin use is independently associated with increased calcification in patients, and using an animal model of hypercholesterolemia, we present a molecular mechanism whereby statins may promote calcification of atherosclerotic plaque.

Update: 2022-2023, Dr Scott Grundy: Calcium Score is more relieable indicator of statin eligibility for men and women.

Grundy, Scott M., and Gloria Lena Vega. “Statin therapy for primary prevention in women: What is the role for coronary artery calcium?.” Journal of Clinical Lipidology 16.4 (2022): 376-382.

This document argues that for primary prevention in women at intermediate risk, according to PCEs, CAC scanning should be carried out in most before starting statin therapy. The basic concept is that the CAC score is a more reliable indicator of statin eligibility than is PCE-estimated risk.

Grundy, Scott M., Jijia Wang, and Gloria L. Vega. “Statin therapy for primary prevention in men: What is the role for coronary artery calcium?.” Journal of Clinical Lipidology 17.1 (2023): 12-18.

But statin eligibility may be better guided by coronary artery calcium (CAC).

Update 2023: Xinyu, Zhang, et al. “Statins accelerate coronary calcification and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.” Cardiology in Review 31.6 (2023): 293-298.

In conclusion, meta-analyses of the available trials have shown a significant reduction of risk of cardiovascular events. In contrast, statins accelerated CAC. This suggests that statin-mediated atheroma calcification may enhance plaque stability and reduce the risk of plaque rupture.

My book is called: Heart Book

If you liked this article, you may like my book, entitled Heart Book on Amazon. See cover image at left.

Click Here for Link to book on Amazon

Articles with related Interest:

Coronary Calcium Score Benefits of Aged Garlic

Diabetes Arterial Calcification and Statin Drugs

All Past Heart Disease Articles by Jeffrey Dach MD

Jeffrey Dach MD
7450 Griffin Road Suite 180
Davie, Fl 33314
954-792-4663

References:

1) Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography consensus statement using a CAC threshold of 100 for treatment

2) Mitchell, Joshua D., et al. “Impact of statins on cardiovascular outcomes following coronary artery calcium scoring.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 72.25 (2018): 3233-3242.
Link to full pdf: Coronary artery calcium death myocardial infarction walter reed Mitchell Joshua JACC Card Imaging 2018.

3) Raggi, Paolo. “Coronary calcium is all we need for risk assessment, yet we do not use it often enough.” Atherosclerosis (2019).

The most fatal flaw of CAC detection for risk assessment, in the eye of physicians opposed to its use, is that there are no randomized clinical trials to demonstrate that by treating only patients with CAC, as opposed to those with an (no ?) indication for treatment, the risk of events is reduced. However, the circumstantial evidence that this is true is overwhelming, and it is simply logical to predict that antibiotics will work best in patients with lobar pneumonia than in those at “risk of developing pneumonia”.

4)  Abstract 20067: Impact of Statins on Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring: Results From the Walter Reed Registry
Joshua D Mitchell , Nicole Fergestrom , Patrick Moon , Robert Paisley
, and Todd C Villines Originally published 29 Mar 2018 Circulation. 2018;134:A20067

Abstract

Introduction: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring significantly improves cardiovascular risk prediction as compared to standard cardiovascular risk factors. However, the impact of statins on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events among subjects undergoing coronary calcium scoring is not known.

Methods: We identified consecutive subjects without pre-existing ASCVD or malignancy who underwent CAC scoring (Agatston) at Walter Reed Medical Center from 2001-2009. Outcomes, baseline risk factors, and individual prescription data were extracted from the military data repository, a comprehensive healthcare database that captures care provided within and outside of the military healthcare system. Patient-level death data were acquired from the National Death Index. Subjects were assessed for the primary outcome of first major adverse cardiac event (MACE), a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death. Outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard multivariate regression controlling for baseline ASCVD risk factors and using a time dependent variable to account for statin exposure.

Results: 14,956 patients (mean age 50 years; 71 % men) were followed for a mean of 9.3 ± 2.8 years. Among all patients, statin therapy was an independent predictor for reduced MACE (adjusted hazard ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.66-0.94). Comparing statin treated patients to those not treated with statins, the number needed to treat (NNT) for 1 year to prevent one incident MACE outcome ranged from 3950.9 patients (CAC=0) to 45.3 patients (CAC >400) (Table 1).

Conclusion: In a large-scale cohort without baseline ASCVD, CAC presence and severity significantly risk stratified patients who are most and least likely to benefit from statin therapy during long-term follow-up.

5) Curtis, Michael, et al. “Effect of Dose and Timing of Preoperative Statins on Mortality After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.” The Annals of Thoracic Surgery (2017).

6) Barakat, Amr F., et al. “Perioperative statin therapy for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.” The Annals of thoracic surgery 101.2 (2016): 818-825.

7) Hennessy, Emma, et al. “Is there potential for repurposing statins as novel antimicrobials?.” Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 60.9 (2016): 5111-5121.

8) Patel, Tushar R., and Siobhan A. Corbett. “Simvastatin suppresses LPS-induced Akt phosphorylation in the human monocyte cell line THP-1.” Journal of Surgical Research 116.1 (2004): 116-120.

9) Devaraj et al “Direct demonstration of an antiinflammatory effect of simvastatin in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.” J Clin Endo & Metab 91.11 (2006): 4489-4496.

10) Hölschermann, Hans, et al. “Statins prevent NF-κB transactivation independently of the IKK-pathway in human endothelial cells.” Atherosclerosis 185.2 (2006): 240-245.

11) Lincoff, A. Michael, et al. “Evacetrapib and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk vascular disease.” New Eng J Medicine 376.20 (2017): 1933–1942.

12) Chukkapalli, Sasanka S., et al. “Polymicrobial oral infection with four periodontal bacteria orchestrates a distinct inflammatory response and atherosclerosis in ApoEnull mice.” PLoS One 10.11 (2015): e0143291.

13) Chukkapalli, Sasanka S., et al. “Sequential colonization of periodontal pathogens in induction of periodontal disease and atherosclerosis in LDLRnull mice.” Pathogens and disease 75.1 (2017).

14) Chhibber-Goel, Jyoti, et al. “Linkages between oral commensal bacteria and atherosclerotic plaques in coronary artery disease patients.” NPJ biofilms and microbiomes 2.1 (2016): 7.

15) Dykun, Iryna, et al. “Statin medication enhances progression of coronary artery calcification: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 68.19 (2016): 2123-2125

16) Raggi, Paolo, Tracy Q. Callister, and Leslee J. Shaw. “Progression of coronary artery calcium and risk of first myocardial infarction in patients receiving cholesterol-lowering therapy.” Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 24.7 (2004): 1272-1277.

17) Hecht, Harvey S. “Coronary artery calcium scanning: past, present, and future.” JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 8.5 (2015): 579-596.

Updated References 7/22

free pdf

Safe to withhold statins in pt with massive elevated cholesterol if CAC=0

18) Arbit, Boris, and Jeff E. Borenstein. “Highly Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein in a Patient with No Coronary Calcium.” Proceedings of UCLA Health 24 (2020).

58 year old female with total cholesterol of 380 and calcium score of zero. No Statin for her !  ” In the case of severe hypercholesterolemia and zero CAC, it seems that it may be safe to withhold statin therapy.”

19)  Sandesara, Pratik B., et al. “Clinical significance of zero coronary artery calcium in individuals with LDL cholesterol≥ 190 mg/dL: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.” Atherosclerosis 292 (2020): 224-229.

20) Grundy, Scott M., and Gloria Lena Vega. “Statin therapy for primary prevention in women: What is the role for coronary artery calcium?.” Journal of Clinical Lipidology (2022).

Many older women have zero CAC, which equates to low risk for ASCVD; these women can delay statin therapy for several years before re-scanning. When CAC is 1-99 Agatston units, risk is only borderline high and statin delay also is an option until re-scanning. When CAC is > 100 Agatston units, risk is high enough to warrant a statin. In most women, CAC is the best guide to treatment decisions. 

21) Grundy, Scott M., and Neil J. Stone. “Coronary Artery Calcium: Where Do We Stand After Over 3 Decades?.” The American Journal of Medicine 134.9 (2021): 1091-1095.
In 2018, cardiovascular society cholesterol guidelines recommended the use of coronary artery calcium to guide statin therapy in patients 40-79 years of age who are at intermediate risk by multiple risk factor equations (ie, estimated 10-year risk for atherosclerotic disease of 7.5%-19.9% but in whom statin benefit is uncertain). Many such patients have no coronary calcium and remain at <5% risk over the next decade; hence, statin therapy can be delayed until a repeat calcium scan is conducted. Exceptions include patients with severe hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and a strong family history of atherosclerotic disease. If coronary calcium equals 1-99 Agatston units, the 10-year risk is borderline (5% to <7.5%) and statin therapy is optional pending a repeat scan. If coronary calcium equals 100-299 Agatston units, the patient is clearly statin eligible (7.5% to <20% 10-year risk). And finally, if coronary calcium is ≥300 Agatston units, a patient is at high risk and is a candidate for high-intensity statins. Risk factor analysis combined judiciously with coronary calcium scanning offers the strongest evidence-based approach to use of statins in primary prevention.

22) Gallo, Antonio, et al. “The added value of coronary calcium score in predicting cardiovascular events in familial hypercholesterolemia.” Cardiovascular Imaging 14.12 (2021): 2414-2424.

The presence of a CAC score of >100 was associated with an HR of 32.05 (95% CI: 10.08-101.94) of developing ASCVD as compared to a CAC score of 0.

=============================================

Although high serum concentrations of LDL are a major
risk factor for CHD, patients may present with CAD
events despite LDL levels, which are not considered
elevated and fall well within guideline-recommended
targets. In the present study, almost half of patients
hospitalized with CAD have admission LDL <100 mg/dL,
and 17.6% of patients had LDL <70 mg/dL.

23) Sandesara, Pratik B., et al. “Clinical significance of zero coronary artery calcium in individuals with LDL cholesterol≥ 190 mg/dL: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.” Atherosclerosis 292 (2020): 224-229.

Background and aims: Individuals with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥190 mg/dL are considered high-risk and current guidelines recommend initiating high-intensity statin therapy in this group. We sought to examine the predictive ability of zero CAC in this high-risk group.

Methods: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants without clinical cardiovascular disease and baseline LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL were identified. Cardiovascular risk factors were compared between those with CAC = 0 and CAC >0. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to identify predictors of CAC = 0. Association of CAC = 0 with incident cardiovascular events over a median follow-up of 13.2 years was examined using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression.

Results: 246 individuals (mean age = 63 ± 9.4 years; 42% male; 31% white; 37% CAC = 0) with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL were identified (mean LDL-C = 215 ± 27 mg/dL). Age <65 years (RR = 2.17, 95%CI = 1.49-3.23), female sex (RR = 2.10, 95%CI = 1.42-3.10), and no diabetes (RR = 2.22, 95%CI = 1.18-4.17) were associated with CAC = 0. Individuals with CAC = 0 had a lower risk for future cardiovascular events (incidence rate per 1000 person-years = 4.7; 10-year risk = 3.7%; risk/year = 0.4%) than those with CAC >0 (incidence rate per 1000 person-years = 26.4; 10-year risk = 20%; risk/year = 2.0%), adjusted HR 0.25 (95%CI = 0.10-0.66).

Conclusions: Among persons with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL, younger age, female sex, and the absence of diabetes were associated with CAC = 0. CAC = 0 was associated with a low risk of cardiovascular events, suggesting the utility of CAC assessment for stratifying risk in this high-risk group.

 

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24) Sachdeva, Amit, et al. “Lipid levels in patients hospitalized with coronary artery disease: an analysis of 136,905 hospitalizations in Get With The Guidelines.” American heart journal 157.1 (2009): 111-117.

Background: Lipid levels among contemporary patients hospitalized with coronary artery disease (CAD) have not been well studied. This study aimed to analyze admission lipid levels in a broad contemporary population of patients hospitalized with CAD.

Methods: The Get With The Guidelines database was analyzed for CAD hospitalizations from 2000 to 2006 with documented lipid levels in the first 24 hours of admission. Patients were divided into low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglyceride categories. Factors associated with LDL and HDL levels were assessed along with temporal trends.

Results: Of 231,986 hospitalizations from 541 hospitals, admission lipid levels were documented in 136,905 (59.0%). Mean lipid levels were LDL 104.9 +/- 39.8, HDL 39.7 +/- 13.2, and triglyceride 161 +/- 128 mg/dL. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <70 mg/dL was observed in 17.6% and ideal levels (LDL <70 with HDL > or =60 mg/dL) in only 1.4%. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was <40 mg/dL in 54.6% of patients. Before admission, only 28,944 (21.1%) patients were receiving lipid-lowering medications. Predictors for higher LDL included female gender, no diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, no prior lipid-lowering medications, and presenting with acute coronary syndrome. Both LDL and HDL levels declined over time (P < .0001).

Conclusions: In a large cohort of patients hospitalized with CAD, almost half have admission LDL levels <100 mg/dL. More than half the patients have admission HDL levels <40 mg/dL, whereas <10% have HDL > or =60 mg/dL.

These findings may provide further support for recent guideline revisions with even lower LDL goals and for developing effective treatments to raise HDL.

25) Grundy, Scott M., and Neil J. Stone. “Coronary artery calcium: where do we stand after over 3 decades?.” The American Journal of Medicine 134.9 (2021): 1091-1095.

In 2018, cardiovascular society cholesterol guidelines recommended the use of coronary artery calcium to guide statin therapy in patients 40-79 years of age who are at intermediate risk by multiple risk factor equations (ie, estimated 10-year risk for atherosclerotic disease of 7.5%-19.9% but in whom statin benefit is uncertain). Many such patients have no coronary calcium and remain at <5% risk over the next decade; hence, statin therapy can be delayed until a repeat calcium scan is conducted. Exceptions include patients with severe hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and a strong family history of atherosclerotic disease. If coronary calcium equals 1-99 Agatston units, the 10-year risk is borderline (5% to <7.5%) and statin therapy is optional pending a repeat scan. If coronary calcium equals 100-299 Agatston units, the patient is clearly statin eligible (7.5% to <20% 10-year risk). And finally, if coronary calcium is ≥300 Agatston units, a patient is at high risk and is a candidate for high-intensity statins. Risk factor analysis combined judiciously with coronary calcium scanning offers the strongest evidence-based approach to use of statins in primary prevention.

26) Atherosclerosis Joel Kahn, MD
How to Measure Atherosclerosis and Reversal
Nutrition and Lifestyle Programs and Reversal of Atherosclerosis
New Nutrition Data on Reversal: The CORDIOPREV Study
Statin Medication and Plaque Reversal
Plaque Reversal
Other Nutraceuticals for Reversal

 

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https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/journal-scans/2021/08/16/17/34/mediterranean-diet-reduces-atherosclerosis

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Mitchell JD et al. Impact of Statins on Cardiovascular Outcomes Following Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 72 (25) 3233–3244.

Wlosinska M et al. The effect of aged garlic extract on the atherosclerotic process – a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020 29;20(1):132.

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Tomeo AC et al. Antioxidant effects of tocotrienols in patients with hyperlipidemia and carotid stenosis. Lipids. 1995 30(12):1179-83.

Belcaro G et al. Pycnogenol(R) and Centella asiatica to prevent asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression in clinical events. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2017 Feb;65(1):24-31.

Hu S et al. Central cardiovascular calcifications: supplementation with Pycnogenol(R) and Centellicum(R): variations over 12 months. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2020 Feb;68(1):22-6.

Belcaro G et al. Pycnogenol(R)+ Centellicum(R), post-stent evaluation: prevention of neointima and plaque re-growth. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2019 Dec;67(6):450-5.

https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/7072026/

Arterosil%20Research%20Study%20Summary.pdf
Johri AM et al. Progression of atherosclerosis with carnitine supplementation: a randomized controlled trial in the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab 2022 2;19:26

Published May 20, 2023

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Mattesi, Giulia, et al. “Coronary artery calcium score: we know where we are but not where we may be.” Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 94.1 (2024).

Influence of medications on the score “the calcium paradox”
The relationship between statin therapy and cardiac calcium scores has been the subject of several studies, with some findings suggesting that treating patients with atherosclerosis using statins can actually increase the calcium score, despite the fact that elevated scores are often the reason for initiating statin treatment. A study by Lee et al. [51] investigated potential mediators between statins and CAC. However, a study by Puri et al. shed light on the implications of this increase in calcium scores [52]. The study reviewed eight separate studies that utilized intravascular ultrasound to evaluate the size and composition of atherosclerotic plaques in patients undergoing statin therapy. The researchers made two important observations. First, high-dose statin therapy tended to shrink plaques. Second, as the plaques were shrinking, their composition underwent changes.
Specifically, the volume of lipid deposits within the plaques decreased, while the volume of fibrotic cells and calcium increased. This transformation from unstable “soft” plaques to more stable “hard” plaques may reduce the risk of sudden rupture and subsequent cardiovascular events. It is believed that these changes contribute to the significant reduction in cardiovascular risk observed in patients with CAD receiving statin therapy. Thus, the available evidence suggests that statin therapy not only reduces cholesterol levels but also modifies existing plaques, making them less prone to rupture. As a part of this process, the plaques may become more calcified, leading to an increase in the CAC score. Therefore, an elevated calcium score following statin therapy should be seen as an indication of treatment success rather than a cause for alarm. In the recent PARADIGM study, Park et al. investigated the impact of statins on coronary plaque progression in mild stenosis lesions [53]. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of statin therapy on plaque features associated with a high risk of adverse cardiovascular events. The results indicated that statins had a significant impact on slowing the progression of coronary plaque in mild stenosis lesions, particularly when high-risk plaque features were present. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring statin therapy based on individual plaque characteristics to effectively manage and prevent cardiovascular disease [54].

 

Last updated on September 2nd, 2024 by Jeffrey Dach MD