Cannabis Extracts as a Potent Anti-Inflammatory Agent for Chronic Inflammation, Infection, and Neuroprotection

What if we had a natural botanical that could help treat and reverse chronic conditions such as autoimmune flares, chronic infection, neurodegenerative diseases, arthritis pain, and dermatologic disorders? What if this substance is a safe, multi-targeting agent grounded in the body’s own endocannabinoid system? Often overlooked, full-spectrum Cannabis sativa extract offers that potential benefit.

In 2024 Valérie Gagné and colleagues found that cannabis root extract possesses remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Specifically, these extracts showed bactericidal and fungicidal efficacy against Escherichia coli (a common urinary tract pathogen), Staphylococcus aureus (commonly found on the skin), and Candida albicans (the fungus that causes thrush). Cannabis extracts may also support Alzheimer’s dementia management because of anticholinesterase activity, same as many Alzheimer’s medications. In short, full-spectrum cannabis extracts deliver a powerful combination of inflammation control, infection defense, free-radical scavenging, and potential cognitive support from a single botanical source.¹

Cannabis Roots: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Power

In 2024 Valérie Gagné and her team informed us that cannabis roots make up 30–50 % of the plant yet are usually discarded as waste. They can be used as medicinal cannabis. Cannabis extract protects mitochondrial membranes in immune cells, lower inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, and inhibits cholinesterase.¹

The clinical significance: Relief from chronic oxidative stress, low-grade infection, and improvement in cholinergic signaling, all drivers of many age-related and inflammatory diseases. Patients living with recurrent bacterial or fungal infections, early cognitive decline, or conditions marked by high oxidative burden (metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, chronic fatigue) may find root-derived cannabis preparations a useful adjunct. The dual antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action is especially relevant for those with gut dysbiosis or biofilm-related issues.

Antimicrobial Activity of Cannabis: Targeting Low-Grade Infection, Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens, Gut Dysbiosis, and Biofilms

Consider low-grade chronic infections, subtle, persistent bacterial or fungal overgrowth that never fully clear up. This chronic infection triggers ongoing inflammation, fatigue, and tissue damage. Cannabis can help. Even in patients with autoimmune disease, irritable bowel, recurrent urinary tract symptoms, or skin issues, cannabis can help. Full-spectrum cannabis extracts offer a dual antimicrobial-plus-anti-inflammatory approach that conventional single-target antibiotics often lack.

Broad Antimicrobial Activity

In 2021 Laureano Schofs and colleagues reviewed decades of data and confirmed that Cannabis sativa extracts, cannabinoids, and terpenes exhibit broad antimicrobial activity against clinically important Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi, including strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.²⁶

Effective for MRSA Biofilm

In 2021 Muhammad A. Farha and coworkers demonstrated that several major cannabinoids, particularly cannabigerol (CBG), potently inhibit growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), disrupt bacterial membranes, and both prevent biofilm formation and eradicate established biofilms at concentrations achievable in topical or systemic use.²⁷

Restores Gut Integrity, Treats Leaky Gut

In 2022 researchers synthesizing the literature on phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids highlighted that CBD and CBG not only disrupt biofilms but also restore more favorable gut microbial balances, reducing pro-inflammatory taxa and supporting barrier integrity.²⁸

These antimicrobial actions translate directly into clinical relevance for low-grade infection. Persistent low-level colonization by opportunistic organisms drives cytokine release, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation. By killing or suppressing the microbes while simultaneously calming the inflammatory cascade they provoke, cannabis extracts can interrupt this vicious cycle more gently than repeated courses of conventional antibiotics, which often worsen dysbiosis.

Useful for Gut Dysbiosis and Biofilms

The dual antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action is especially powerful for gut dysbiosis and biofilm-related issues. Biofilms—slimy protective matrices that bacteria and fungi construct on mucosal surfaces or medical devices, shield pathogens from both antibiotics and the immune system and are a hallmark of chronic infections and inflammatory bowel conditions.

Eradicates Biofilms

In 2020 Mark A. T. Blaskovich and colleagues showed that cannabidiol (CBD) eradicates biofilms formed by both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staph aureus at low micromolar concentrations while preserving activity against planktonic cells.²⁹

In 2022 reviews of phytocannabinoid anti-biofilm and gut-microbiome effects confirmed that CBD and related compounds reverse experimental dysbiosis and support barrier function.³⁰

In 2024 reviews of medicinal cannabis and the intestinal microbiome confirmed that oral cannabinoids can reverse experimental dysbiosis, increase beneficial species such as Akkermansia, and attenuate downstream inflammation and fibrosis linked to microbial imbalance.³¹

Clinical significance: Patients with recurrent urinary tract infections, chronic skin infections, oral thrush, small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), or biofilm-associated conditions such as sinusitis, joint prostheses, inflammatory bowel disease, may benefit from carefully selected full-spectrum cannabis preparations used as adjuncts. The ability to attack the pathogen, dissolve its protective biofilm, and simultaneously dampen the host inflammatory response offers a multi-layered strategy that conventional antibiotics alone cannot match. Always coordinate such treatments with your personal physician, especially if you are on other antimicrobials or immunosuppressants.

Broad Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Immune Cells and Macrophages

In 2023 Mariia Zaiachuk and colleagues tested CBD, THC, and full-spectrum extracts on human macrophages stimulated by the bacterial toxin LPS. Note: LPS is lipopolysachharide, the outer coat on gram negative organisms, and the most toxic substance known. Both pure compounds and especially the whole extracts reduced release of inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 (interleulin 6), TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1, with CBD more efficient than THC and extracts outperforming isolates.²

In 2022 Seegehalli M. Anil, Hadar Peeri, and Hinanit Koltai reviewed how phytocannabinoids engage the endocannabinoid system and other receptors to activate anti-inflammatory pathways, noting clear synergy between cannabinoids and terpenes.³

Reprogramming Monocytes and Macrophages

In 2022 Carmen M. Claro-Cala and coworkers isolated phytol from hemp-seed oil and showed it reprograms human monocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype and mature macrophages toward the healing M2 state while lowering IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.⁴

Cannabis Blocks NF-kB Nuclear Factor Kappa B

In 2023 Jong-Hui Kim and colleagues isolated CBD from the “Pink Pepper” cultivar and demonstrated blockade of NF-κB and MAPK phosphorylation in macrophages, with oral administration reducing inflammatory mediators in mouse paw edema.⁵

In 2025 Luisa Frusciante and her team found that industrial-hemp leaf extracts protect macrophages and human chondrocytes by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB pathways without cytotoxicity.⁶

Foundational reviews reinforce these findings. In 2005 Thomas W. Klein explained how cannabinoids interact with CB1 and CB2 receptors on immune cells to suppress TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6, bias responses away from damaging Th1 pathways, and reduce joint, brain, colon, and vascular inflammation.⁷

In 2009 Prakash Nagarkatti and colleagues detailed how THC triggers apoptosis in activated T cells and dendritic cells, downregulates cytokines, upregulates regulatory T cells, and aids recovery from immune-mediated organ injury.⁸

In 2016 Robert B. Zurier and Sumner H. Burstein surveyed phytocannabinoids and synthetics that increase pro-resolving eicosanoids, limit fibrosis, and avoid the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risks of NSAIDs.⁹

In 2020 Henry P. Miller and coworkers summarized decades of data showing THC down-regulates inflammation via cytokine suppression, immune-cell apoptosis, and T-cell shifts.¹⁰

In 1994 David I. Kusher and colleagues provided early evidence that physiologically relevant THC concentrations inhibit TNF synthesis in human lymphocytes at the mRNA level.¹¹ Note TNF is Tumor Necrosis Factor.

In 2021 Frances R. Henshaw and team conducted a systematic review confirming that CBD (and CBD-THC or CBD-CBG combinations) consistently reduce TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and interferon-gamma across animal models while improving disease severity.¹²

In 2024 Feng-Xin Chu and colleagues reviewed how CBD blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome, a central driver of excessive inflammation, by reducing caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release.¹³

Clinical significance: Macrophage-driven inflammation underlies rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, and many autoimmune conditions. Cannabis extracts reprogram macrophages toward a healing phenotype, dampen NF-κB and MAPK pathways, reduce joint destruction, ameliorate intestinal permeability (“leaky gut”), and quiet cytokine storms that leave patients exhausted. Unlike NSAIDs, they spare the gut lining and cardiovascular system, topics covered in prior newsletters on NSAIDs, small-bowel injury, and heart risk, found here NSAIDS Small Bowel and Leaky Gut  and here: NSAIDS, Leaky Gut and Heart Attacks.

Skin Health and Inflammatory Dermatoses

In 2025 Marco Fumagalli and colleagues applied a standardized 5 % CBD extract to human keratinocytes (skin cells) challenged with TNF-alpha, an inflammatory cytokine. The cannabis extract inhibited NF-κB and reduced IL-8 secretion; fractionation showed cannabinoids and cannflavins as key drivers, yet the whole phytocomplex outperformed pure CBD.¹⁴

In 2024 Costanza Mazzantini and coworkers demonstrated that CBD plus the terpene β-caryophyllene synergistically suppress inflammatory mediators, IL-1β, COX-2, and phospho-NF-κB in LPS-stimulated keratinocytes, with complementary receptor mechanisms (PPAR-γ for CBD, CB2 for β-caryophyllene).¹⁵

In 2022 Nadia Peyravian and team reviewed CBD’s ability to lower TNF-α and IL-1β in acne-like models while remaining well tolerated.¹⁶

Clinical significance: Patients with acne, psoriasis, eczema, or rosacea struggle with both inflammation and secondary infection. (Note: Rosacea often responds remarkably to ivermectin cream.) Topical or carefully dosed oral cannabis preparations calm the skin barrier, lower sebum-driven inflammation, and supply antimicrobial support, offering a gentler complement or alternative to Accutane, steroids, and antibiotics offered by mainstream dermatology.

Joint Health, Arthritis, and Cartilage Protection

In 2023 Hamid Kabdy and colleagues showed that Cannabis sativa essential oil reduced inflammatory ear swelling, paw edema, contralateral joint swelling, and C-reactive protein in rodent models of acute and chronic arthritis.¹⁷

In 2025 Munmun Kumar Singh and coworkers found that essential oil from a non-psychoactive Indian genotype dose-dependently suppressed TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in lung macrophages without cytotoxicity.¹⁸

Clinical significance: Cannabis can serve as a superior alternative anti-inflammatory agent or adjunct to NSAIDs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients, avoiding gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions help slow cartilage breakdown. Osteoarthritis in menopausal women is also linked to estrogen deficiency and often improves markedly with bioidentical estrogen replacement, as discussed in prior newsletter: Bioidentical Estrogen Prevents Arthritis.

Neuroinflammation, Mood, and Cognitive Support

In 2024 Ahmad K. Al-Khazaleh and colleagues reviewed how cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids collectively reduce microglial activation, lower brain cytokines, and exert neuroprotective effects via the entourage effect.¹⁹ Note: Microglia are the macrophages of the brain.

In 2024 Joonyoung Shin and team demonstrated that leaf and flower extracts suppress IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 in microglial cells while improving depression-like behaviors in LPS-challenged mice.²⁰

In 2022 Dalia M. Kopustinskiene and coworkers surveyed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of THC and CBD, including CB2 inverse agonism by CBD that contributes to its anti-inflammatory profile.²¹

The anticholinesterase activity documented in roots further supports memory pathways.¹

Clinical significance: Neuroinflammation is a common thread in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, post-concussion syndrome, and treatment-resistant depression. Patients with “brain fog,” early cognitive changes, or inflammation-linked mood disorders may benefit from full-spectrum extracts that engage CB2 receptors and cholinesterase pathways simultaneously.

Cannabis Use in Oncology and the Tumor Microenvironment

In 2025 Waqas Safir and colleagues extracted female flowers rich in CBD, THC, and humulene. The combination slowed HeLa cervical-cancer cell growth in vitro, reduced tumor volume and inflammatory markers in a DMBA-induced rat breast-cancer model, and modulated PD-1/PD-L1 and MMP-9 pathways.²²

In 2024 Ravindra B. Malabadi and team reviewed preclinical evidence that phytocannabinoids inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in cervical-cancer cell lines.²³

The broader anticancer literature is anchored by several highly cited reviews. In 2012, Dr. Manuel Guzmán published a landmark Nature Reviews Cancer analysis showing that cannabinoids reduce cancer growth and progression in multiple animal models by modulating key signalling pathways that control cancer-cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis.³²

In 2016 Guillermo Velasco and colleagues further detailed the molecular mechanisms, emphasizing that cannabinoids induce apoptosis and autophagy, inhibit angiogenesis, and decrease metastasis across a wide range of tumour types while also offering palliative benefits for cancer-associated symptoms.³³

In 2021 Cristina Ferreira Almeida and coworkers specifically examined breast-cancer subtypes and concluded that cannabinoids, particularly CBD, show differential efficacy: estrogen-receptor-negative and triple-negative breast-cancer cells are often more sensitive, with consistent preclinical evidence of reduced proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of invasion and metastasis.³⁴

Clinical significance for cancer: Cannabis has the ability to modulate immune checkpoints, lower IL-6, induce apoptosis, control pain, reduce cachexia, and limit tumor-promoting inflammation makes it a promising supportive therapy, in coordinatation with the oncology team. These benefits extend beyond cervical and breast models to glioblastoma, prostate, colorectal, and other solid tumours, providing a mechanistic rationale for carefully supervised use in symptom management and as a potential adjunctive therapy.

The Entourage Effect: Why Whole-Plant Approaches Often Work Best

Across nearly every study, full-spectrum extracts or cannabinoid-terpene combinations outperform isolated molecules. In 2024 Rafik El-Mernissi and coworkers confirmed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory synergy of CBD- and THC-enriched extracts via NF-κB and lipoxygenase inhibition.²⁴

In 2023 Zach J. Leinen and colleagues provided a panoramic review showing that whole-plant preparations restore gut-barrier integrity, calm pain pathways, and modulate immune trafficking more effectively than single compounds.²⁵

Clinical significance: For patients already on multiple medications, cannabis extracts enhance by producing synergy, while at the same time reducing adverse side-effects. Standardized full-spectrum products are preferred in functional-medicine practice.

In summary, the research paints a coherent picture: Cannabis sativa, from roots to flowers offers a rare combination of anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cholinesterase-inhibiting properties. These actions map directly onto the root causes of many chronic illnesses I see every day. For patients tired of the revolving door of pharmaceutical side effects, these insights open a door to a more natural approach grounded in the body’s own regulatory systems.

Articles with related Interest:

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Pediatric Cancer and Cannabis Oil Five Case Reports

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How Does Cannabis Kill Cancer Cells Part Two

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Jeffrey Dach MD
7450 Griffin Road, Suite 190
Davie, FL 33314
954-792-4663
https://drjeffreydachmd.com/

References

1. Gagné, Valérie, et al. “Rooted in therapeutics: Comprehensive analyses of Cannabis sativa root extracts reveals potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and bactericidal properties.” *Frontiers in Pharmacology*, vol. 15, 2024, article 1465136. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1465136/pdf

2. Zaiachuk, Mariia, et al. “The anti-inflammatory effects of Cannabis sativa extracts on LPS-induced cytokines release in human macrophages.” *Molecules*, vol. 28, no. 13, 2023, p. 4991.

3. Anil, Seegehalli M., et al. “Medical cannabis activity against inflammation: active compounds and modes of action.” *Frontiers in Pharmacology*, vol. 13, 2022, article 908198.

4. Claro-Cala, Carmen M., et al. “Acyclic diterpene phytol from hemp seed oil (Cannabis sativa L.) exerts anti-inflammatory activity on primary human monocytes-macrophages.” *Foods*, vol. 11, no. 15, 2022, p. 2366.

5. Kim, Jong-Hui, et al. “In vitro and in vivo Anti-Inflammatory effects of Cannabidiol isolated from novel hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivar Pink pepper.” *Molecules*, vol. 28, no. 18, 2023, p. 6439.

6. Frusciante, Luisa, et al. “Enhancing industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) leaf by-products: bioactive compounds, anti-inflammatory properties, and potential health applications.” *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*, vol. 26, no. 2, 2025, p. 548.

7. Klein, Thomas W. “Cannabinoid-Based Drugs as Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics.” *Nature Reviews Immunology*, vol. 5, no. 5, 2005, pp. 400–11.

8. Nagarkatti, Prakash, et al. “Cannabinoids as Novel Anti-Inflammatory Drugs.” *Future Medicinal Chemistry*, vol. 1, no. 7, 2009, pp. 1333–49.

9. Zurier, Robert B., and Sumner H. Burstein. “Cannabinoids, Inflammation, and Fibrosis.” *The FASEB Journal*, vol. 30, no. 11, 2016, pp. 3682–89.

10. Miller, Henry P., et al. “The Effects of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on Inflammation: A Review.” *Cellular Immunology*, vol. 352, 2020, article 104111.

11. Kusher, David I., et al. “Effect of the Psychoactive Metabolite of Marijuana, Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), on the Synthesis of Tumor Necrosis Factor by Human Large Granular Lymphocytes.” *Cellular Immunology*, vol. 154, no. 1, 1994, pp. 99–108.

12. Henshaw, Frances R., et al. “The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies.” *Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research*, vol. 6, no. 3, 2021, pp. 177–95.

13. Chu, Feng-Xin, et al. “The NLRP3 Inflammasome: A Vital Player in Inflammation and Mediating the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of CBD.” *Inflammation Research*, vol. 73, no. 2, 2024, pp. 227–42.

14. Fumagalli, Marco, et al. “Beyond cannabidiol: the contribution of Cannabis sativa phytocomplex to skin anti-inflammatory activity in human skin keratinocytes.” *Pharmaceuticals*, vol. 18, no. 5, 2025, p. 647.

15. Mazzantini, Costanza, et al. “Anti-inflammatory properties of cannabidiol and beta-caryophyllene alone or combined in an in vitro inflammation model.” *Pharmaceuticals*, vol. 17, no. 4, 2024, p. 467.

16. Peyravian, Nadia, et al. “The anti-inflammatory effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on acne.” *Journal of Inflammation Research*, vol. 15, 2022, pp. 2795–2801.

17. Kabdy, Hamid, et al. “Antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory properties of Cannabis sativa essential oil in an animal model.” *Pharmaceuticals*, vol. 17, no. 1, 2023, p. 20.

18. Singh, Munmun Kumar, et al. “Investigating the phytochemical diversity and anti-inflammatory activity of a non-psychoactive genotype of Cannabis sativa L. from India.” *Microchemical Journal*, vol. 211, 2025, p. 113111.

19. Al-Khazaleh, Ahmad K., et al. “The neurotherapeutic arsenal in cannabis sativa: insights into anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activity and potential entourage effects.” *Molecules*, vol. 29, no. 2, 2024, p. 410.

20. Shin, Joonyoung, et al. “In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and antidepressant-like effects of Cannabis sativa L. extracts.” *Plants*, vol. 13, no. 12, 2024, p. 1619.

21. Kopustinskiene, Dalia M., et al. “Cannabis sativa L. bioactive compounds and their protective role in oxidative stress and inflammation.” *Antioxidants*, vol. 11, no. 4, 2022, p. 660.

22. Safir, Waqas, et al. “Extraction, GC-MS analysis, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential of Cannabis sativa female flower; in vitro, in vivo and in silico.” *Frontiers in Pharmacology*, vol. 16, 2025, article 1546062.

23. Malabadi, Ravindra B., et al. “Cannabis sativa: Cervical cancer treatment—Role of phytocannabinoids—A story of concern.” *World Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Health Sciences*, vol. 17, no. 2, 2024, pp. 253–296.

24. El-Mernissi, Rafik, et al. “Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.” *Open Chemistry*, vol. 22, no. 1, 2024, article 20240119.

25. Leinen, Zach J., et al. “Therapeutic potential of cannabis: a comprehensive review of current and future applications.” *Biomedicines*, vol. 11, no. 10, 2023, p. 2630.

26. Schofs, Laureano, et al. “The antimicrobial effect behind Cannabis sativa.” *Pharmacology Research & Perspectives*, vol. 9, no. 2, 2021, e00761. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023331/

27) Farha, Maya A., et al. “Uncovering the Hidden Antibiotic Potential of Cannabis.” ACS Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 3, 2020, pp. 338–46. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00419.
URL: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00419Validation note:
paper (published online Feb 2020; print Mar 2020). The blog incorrectly lists the first author as “Muhammad A. Farha” and the year as 2021. The actual first author is Maya A. Farha. The findings match exactly (CBG potently inhibits MRSA, disrupts membranes, prevents/eradicates biofilms, etc.). Not fake.

28) Sionov, Ronit Vogt, and Doron Steinberg. “Anti-Microbial Activity of Phytocannabinoids and Endocannabinoids in the Light of Their Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles.” Biomedicines, vol. 10, no. 3, 2022, article 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10030631.
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/3/631

2022 review that covers phytocannabinoids (including CBD and CBG), anti-biofilm activity, and connections to the gut microbiota / endocannabinoid system. Matches the blog’s description of a 2022 literature synthesis on biofilms + gut microbial balance. Not fake.

29) Blaskovich, Mark A. T., et al. “The Antimicrobial Potential of Cannabidiol.” Communications Biology, vol. 4, no. 1, 2021, article 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01530-y.
URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-01530-y
(Also freely available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7815910/)

30) Ibrahim, Ismail, et al. “Modulatory Effect of Gut Microbiota on the Gut-Brain, Gut-Bone Axes, and the Impact of Cannabinoids.” Metabolites, vol. 12, no. 12, 2022, article 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121247.
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/12/1247Validation note:

2022 review discussing CBD/THC effects on gut microbiota, barrier function, and related dysbiosis. Fits the blog’s description of 2022 reviews confirming reversal of experimental dysbiosis and support for barrier function.

31) Vitetta, Luis, et al. “Medicinal Cannabis and the Intestinal Microbiome.” Pharmaceuticals, vol. 17, no. 12, 2024, article 1702. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121702.
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/12/1702Validation note:

32. Velasco, Guillermo, Cristina Sánchez, and Manuel Guzmán. “Towards the use of cannabinoids as antitumour agents.” *Nature Reviews Cancer*, vol. 12, 2012, pp. 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3247

33. Velasco, Guillermo, et al. “Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids.” *Current Oncology*, vol. 23, Suppl. 2, 2016, pp. S23–S32. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4791144/

34. Almeida, Cristina Ferreira, et al. “Cannabinoids in Breast Cancer: Differential Susceptibility According to Subtype.” *Molecules*, vol. 27, no. 1, 2021, p. 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010156

Jeffrey Dach MD
7450 Griffin Road, Suite 190
Davie, Fl 33314
954-792-4663
my web site: https://drjeffreydachmd.com/
my personal blog: www.jeffreydachmd.com 
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Published on August 2nd, 2026 by Jeffrey Dach MD